Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986

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 The Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986 is a cornerstone in the Indian judicial history, highlighting the delicate balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government . The case stemmed from a practice that had become routine for the Bihar government: the re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval, a process that Dr. D.C. Wadhwa, an economics professor, found to be a subversion of democratic principles . The Supreme Court's decision in this case was a resounding affirmation of constitutional law and its supremacy over executive convenience. By declaring the practice of re-promulgating ordinances without legislative consent as unconstitutional, the court reinforced the necessity of legislative scrutiny and the impermanence of ordinances, which are meant to be emergency measures, not a backdoor for enacting laws. This landmark judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances within
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📌PMMVY and JSY and it's sub schemes

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🌟PMMVY {2017}
🔺Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojna
📌Launched at 1st January 2017.
📌 Implemented as per provisions under section 4 of the National Food Security Act {NFSA},2013 which provides for financial support for pregnant and lactating womens .
📌Centrally sponsored scheme
📌Ministry of women and child development
💡Aimed to give partial compensation to pregnant women and lactating mothers who were working and had experienced a wage-loss due to their pregnancy.
🔴{not applicatie to women with regular employment in central or state government} .
📌Maternity benifit of ₹ 5000 in 3 installments to pregnant women and lectating mothers {PW&LW} of 19 years or above fir the 1st live birth.
📣 upon fulfillments of certain conditions include..
✍️1st installment - ₹1000 on early registration of pregnancy at the AWC/approved health facility.
✍️2nd installment -  ₹2000/- after 6 months of pregnancy on recieving at least one eternal check-up(ANC).
✍️3rd installment - ₹2000/- after childbirth is registered and the child has recieved the 1st cycle of BCG,OPV,DPT,and Hepatitis-B , or its equivallent /substitutes.
🔴It excludes the miscarriages,stillbirth and abortion{Only for the 1st live birth}.
📌Launched in 2017 ,as a replacement for the previous Indira Gandhi matritva sahyog yojna {IGMSY},2010 which covered 53 districts and provided a cash benifits of ₹6000/- per benificiaries.
📌Although it expanded the coverage  to all district reducing the price to ₹5000 per benificiaries and remaining ₹1000 under Janani Suraksha Yojna {JSY} for institutional delivery.
📌The eligible beneficiaries recieve cash incentive as per approved norms towards maternity benifits under JSY{janani suraksha Yojna} which is administered by Ministry of Health and family welfare.
📌It also covers supplimentary Nutrition under Aganwadi services (centrally sponsered scheme).
✍️ Eligibility criteria
🔺Women belonging to SC and ST tribes.
🔺Women who are partially{40%} or fully disabled (Divyang Jan).
🔺 Women with BPL ration card holder.
🔺 Women benificiaries under Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojna (PMJAY)under Ayushman Bharat.
🔺Women holding E-shram cards.
🔺 Women farmers who are beneficiaries under Kishan Samman Nidhi.
🔺 Women holding MGNREGA job cards.
🔺Women whose net family income is less than 8 lakh per annum.
🔺 Pregnant and lactating AWWs/AWHs/ASHAs.

🌟 Various other schemes run under ministry of health and family welfare for pregnant womens are
🔶Janani Suraksha Yojna
🔺Launched on 12th April 2005 , implemented in all States and UTs with the special focus on weaker section of society.
✍️ Implemented under NationalHealth Mission{NHM}.
✍️100% centrally sponsored scheme which intrigates cash assistance with delivery and post- delivery care.
✍️It is a safe motherhood intervention promoting institutional delivery among pregnant women especially the with weak socio-economic status. 
✍️Weak sections {st,sc and below poverty line (BPT).
✍️ Financial assistance given to all weaker sections pregnant women in those States/UTs where institutional delivery rate ,{Rajasthan,Madhya Pradesh,Chhatisgarh, Bihar,Jharkhand,J&K, Ladakh, , Uttrakhand,Assam,Orissa.
✍️While these states have been names Low Performing states {LPS} under the scheme,the remaining states/UTs have been named as High Performing States{HPS}.
✍️ Volunteers include ASHA(Accredited Social Health Activists) for preforming institutional delivery among pregnant women.
🔴For home delivery , financial assistance under JSY is available to pregnant women of BPL household only.

🌟Janani Shishu Suraksha karyakram {JSSK} launched in june,2011 to eliminate out-of-pocket expenses for pregnant women delivering in public health institutions fkr treatment. Expanded in 2013 to cover all services during antenatal period including care of complecations and post-natal period up to 42 days after delivery and also sick infants up to 1 year of age.

🌟Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan {PMSMA} provides free of cost assured and quality Antenatal Care on the 9th day of every month.
🌟 Surakshit Matratva Ashwasan {SUMAN} aims to provide assured, respectful and quality healthcare at no cost zero tolerance for deniel of services for every women and newborns visiting the public healthcare facility to end all preventable maternal and newborns deaths.
🌟LaQshya - aims to improve the quality of care in Labour room maternity operation theatres to ensure that pregnant women recieve respectful and quality care during delivery and immediate post-partum.

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