Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986

 The Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986 is a cornerstone in the Indian judicial history, highlighting the delicate balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government . The case stemmed from a practice that had become routine for the Bihar government: the re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval, a process that Dr. D.C. Wadhwa, an economics professor, found to be a subversion of democratic principles . The Supreme Court's decision in this case was a resounding affirmation of constitutional law and its supremacy over executive convenience. By declaring the practice of re-promulgating ordinances without legislative consent as unconstitutional, the court reinforced the necessity of legislative scrutiny and the impermanence of ordinances, which are meant to be emergency measures, not a backdoor for enacting laws. This landmark judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances within

Bit coin cryptography

. Bit coin is a crypto currency. it's basically digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses cryptography to control it's creation and management rather than relying on Central authorities.
cryptocurrency  uses a system of cryptography to control  the creation of transactions.
(Cryptography :- the art of writing or solving codes).
*In these types of transactions every time they uses new codes. so that their transaction is safe without knowing the receivers and senders identity.
# features of bit coin :-
1.Bit coin is a digital currency that is not tied to a bank or government and allows users to spend money anonymously.
2. no single Institute controls this network.
3. it's like an online version of cash. you can use it to buy products and services, but not many shops accept  bit coin.

#bitcoin public ledger :-
1. all confirmed transactions from the start of bit coins creation are stored in a public ledger.
2. this Complete record of transactions is kept in a block chain,  which is a sequence of records chain called blocks.
3. as of late 2016 the Complete ledger is about 107gb of data.

*father of bit coin is Satoshi Nacamoto .
*in November 1st 2008 a man named Satoshi Nacamoto posted a research paper to an obsured cryptography  list describing his design for a new digital currency that he called bit coin currency.
*the idea of digital money :- convenient, untraceable liberated from the oversight of the government and banks. this has been a hot topic since the birth of Internet.
* public ledger :- block chain to maintain ledger. people contribute through mining and get bit coin reward.

*Bit coin mining :- bit coin software is installed in a couple then could solves the complex codes and problems and form an algorithms for ledger.

Q:- How do people get bit coin?
A:- 1. people can get bit coin by using real money 💵.
             But coin price - $1,900(2005-2017).
2. you can sell things and let people pay you with bit coin.
3. they can be created using a computer 💻 too.

Q:- Why are bitcoins valuable? 
A:- There are lots of things other than money which we consider  valuable like gold and diamonds.
the Aztec used cocoa be no as money.
Bitcoins are valuable because people are willing to exchange them for real goods and services and even cash.

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Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986