Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986

-
 The Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986 is a cornerstone in the Indian judicial history, highlighting the delicate balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government . The case stemmed from a practice that had become routine for the Bihar government: the re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval, a process that Dr. D.C. Wadhwa, an economics professor, found to be a subversion of democratic principles . The Supreme Court's decision in this case was a resounding affirmation of constitutional law and its supremacy over executive convenience. By declaring the practice of re-promulgating ordinances without legislative consent as unconstitutional, the court reinforced the necessity of legislative scrutiny and the impermanence of ordinances, which are meant to be emergency measures, not a backdoor for enacting laws. This landmark judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances within
Post a Comment

The Universe

-

💠What is Universe?

➡️ Everything that exists, from the tiniest subatomic particles to the galactic supercluster (the largest known structure )together, comprises the Universe.
         It is very large in dimension and size. Nobody knows exactly how big it is but astronomers estimated that it contains about 100 billion galaxies each comprising 100 billion stars.

💠 Is the universe expanding?

➡️ The answer Is yes it is expanding.
        
➡️The evolutionary theory of the universe confirms the principle that the distribution of galaxies is uniform in all directions throughout space.

💠What are galaxies

➡️ A Galaxy is a large mass of stars, nebulae, and interstellar material. The largest contains up to 3000 billion stars while the smallest galaxies contain about  100,000 stars.

➡️ A galaxy is a giant family of billions of stars and is held together by its gravitational fields .it is a major building block of the universe.

▶️From the billions  of galaxies two basic types have been identified

1. Regular galaxies:- these may be disc-shaped elliptical and they generally have new stars. And the stars of the irregular galaxies are very old.
(i)Spiral Galaxy:- the milky way and the great galaxy in Andromeda are examples of large spiral galaxies.
        ➡️They are well-supplied with interstellar gas in which new bright young sters are formed.
As the rotating spiral pattern sweeps around the galaxies it encompasses #gas and dust,  triggering the #formation of bright young stars in its arms.

(ii)Elliptical galaxies:- these galaxies are generally smaller than spiral galaxies. Most abundant are probably the elliptical galaxies.
       ➡️ They are generally symmetrical or spherical with no obvious structure.
There most of the stars are very old and no new stars are formed in them.

➡️the smallest of them are termed              "dwarfs". The largest known elliptical galaxy is 200,000 light years in diameter.

➡️the biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are elliptical with masses of 10 ^13 times that of our sun.
▶️about two third of all galaxies are elliptical.

2. Irregular galaxies:- irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and come in many subclasses.

➡️Generally irregular galaxies contain old stars and some of them have a mixture of old and new.
💠The "milky way " and the other spiral galaxies consist of a population of old stars💫 in the center and the youngest at the arms.
       ➡️our galaxy the milky way🌌  is the galaxy that includes our "solar system" with the name describing the galaxy that appears from the 🌐 earth.

✨Radius - 52,850 lightyears
✨Age:- 13.61 billion years.
✨Absolute magnitude - 21
✨Esape velocity- 550 km/a
✨Number of stars - 100-400 billion((1-4)*10 ^11)
✨Declination - 29°00'28.16994
✨Constellation - ♐ Sagittarius, Orion, Scorpius, carina, Ara, Auria. 

Image source :- prepp.in

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

🌟Privilege Committee🌟

-
📌About Committee of Privileges: ✍️It is a Standing Committee. ✍️ It came into being on 7 January 2013 as one half of the replacements for the Committee on Standards and Privileges. ✍️The functions of this committee are "Semi-judicial"  ✍️ Aimed to examine cases if breach of priviledges of the House and it's mrmbers and recommends appropriate action. 📌Members in Rajya Sabha - 10, nominated by Chairman . 📌 Members in Lok-Sabha - 15  nominated by the Speaker . ✍️In the Rajya Sabha, the deputy chairperson heads the committee of privileges. 🌟Powers and Functions: ✍️The committee examines every question involving a breach of privilege of the House or of the members or of any Committee thereof referred to it by the House or by the Speaker/Chairman.  ✍️It also determines with reference to the facts of each case whether a breach of privilege is involved and makes suitable recommendations in its report. ✍️In Rajya - Sabha When a question of privilege is referred to the Committe
Read more

‘India had parliamentary institutions when people of Europe were mere nomads’

-
Image
The quote by  Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, "India had parliamentary institutions when people of Europe were mere nomads,"  is a powerful testament to the ancient civilization's early advancements in governance and societal structures. It speaks volumes about the historical context of India's political systems, which were far more developed than often recognized in the common Eurocentric narrative of history. This essay will delve into the implications of Ambedkar's statement, exploring its historical accuracy, its significance in the context of Indian pride and identity, and its relevance in contemporary discussions about the origins and evolution of democratic institutions. Firstly, various historical records and scholarly research support the assertion that India had parliamentary institutions in ancient times. The 'sabha' and 'samiti' of the Vedic period, for instance, are indicative of consultative assemblies that played a role in governance. These bodie
Read more

Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986

-
 The Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986 is a cornerstone in the Indian judicial history, highlighting the delicate balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government . The case stemmed from a practice that had become routine for the Bihar government: the re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval, a process that Dr. D.C. Wadhwa, an economics professor, found to be a subversion of democratic principles . The Supreme Court's decision in this case was a resounding affirmation of constitutional law and its supremacy over executive convenience. By declaring the practice of re-promulgating ordinances without legislative consent as unconstitutional, the court reinforced the necessity of legislative scrutiny and the impermanence of ordinances, which are meant to be emergency measures, not a backdoor for enacting laws. This landmark judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances within
Read more