The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

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The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) , introduced in 2005 by the Ministry of Rural Development , is one of the world's largest work guarantee programs.  It aims to strengthen livelihood security in rural areas by providing 100 days of assured wage employment each year to adult members of rural households willing to engage in unskilled manual labor. This initiative plays a vital role in promoting economic stability, empowering communities, and fostering sustainable development across India's rural landscape. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) stands as a monumental testament to India's commitment to social welfare and rural empowerment. Enacted in 2005, this groundbreaking initiative has evolved into one of the most significant pillars of support for rural populations across the country. Imagine a program that guarantees 100 days of wage employment annually to adult members of rural households—this is not jus...
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Black Sea Grain Initiative

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BLACK SEA GRAIN INITIATIVE

 

ü The Black Sea Grain Initiative, signed in Istanbul on 22 July 2022, has been extended.

ü The Initiative allows for the facilitation of the safe navigation for the exports of grain and related foodstuffs and fertilizers, including ammonia, from designated Ukrainian seaports.

ü During the first two terms, some 25 million metric tones of grain and foodstuffs have been moved to 45 countries, helping to bring down global food prices and stabilizing the markets.   

 The Initiative specifically allows for commercial food and fertilizer (including ammonia) exports from three key Ukrainian ports in the Black Sea –

Ø Odesa,

Ø Chornomorsk,

Ø Yuzhny/Pivdennyi



  • why it is called black sea initiative?

It is called black sea initiative because the countries involved in this initiative are the black sea bordered countries.

  • what is JCC?

The Joint Coordination Centre (JCC) was established to monitor the implementation of the Initiative. The Joint Coordination Centre is hosted in Istanbul and includes representatives from  Russia, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Nations. The UN acts also as the Secretariat for the Centre.

  • What has been shipped?

Corn 

51 %

Wheat 

27%

Sunflower meal 

6%

Sunflower oil 

5%

Other 

11%

The Black Sea Grain Initiative benefits :

  1. Calm markets.
  2. Safeguard against price spikes.
  3. Stabilize the world’s food supply

International Rules of Passage through Sea:

LETS KNOW MORE ABOUT BLACK SEA

 

  • Geographical Location of Black Sea:

ü The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean Sea by two narrow straits, the Bosporus, which opens to the Sea of Marmara (Turkey), and the Dardanelles Strait (Strait of Gallipoli), which connects to the Aegean Sea. From there, the Suez Canal through the Red Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar provide access to the major shipping lanes of the world's oceans.


ü The Istanbul Canal is a canal planned by the Turkish government for shipping. It is to run parallel to the Bosporus in the western part of Istanbul and connect the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmara.

 

ü The Black Sea, also known as the Euxine Sea, is one of the major water bodies and a famous inland sea of the world.

ü This marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

ü It is surrounded by the Pontic, Caucasus, and Crimean Mountains in the south, east and north respectively.

ü The Turkish straits system - the Dardanelles, Bosporus and Marmara Sea - forms a transitional zone between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

ü The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.

ü The bordering countries of Black Sea are: Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.

ü The Turkish straits system - the Dardanelles, Bosporus and Marmara Sea - forms a transitional zone between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

  • Anoxic Water :

 

v There is a significant absence of oxygen in the water.

v The Black Sea is the largest meromictic body of water in the world, which means there is no mixing of the layers of the water body. Unlike most other seas, surface water does not mix with deep water in the Black Sea. Oxygen is only present in the uppermost layers of water, where it enables an abundance of marine life. Below a depth of about 150 m, oxygen is no longer present and is therefore uninhabitable for higher organisms.

v The anoxic condition is also caused due to the presence of the process of Eutrophication in the sea.

 

 

Q. Black sea which is a landlocked sea between eastern Europe and Asia . Which strait connects Mediterranean sea to black sea.

ü ANS.  The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean Sea by two narrow straits, the Bosporus, which opens to the Sea of Marmara (Turkey), and the Dardanelles Strait (Strait of Gallipoli), which connects to the Aegean Sea. From there, the Suez Canal through the Red Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar provide access to the major shipping lanes of the world's oceans.

 

ü Source : united nations website, unctad  and THE HINDU

ü for more details you can visit

ü https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative/vessel-movements

 

 

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