The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016

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The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 is a critical topic for the UPSC Civil Services Examination, particularly under GS Paper II (Social Justice and Governance) . It replaced the PwD Act of 1995 to comply with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). Key Highlights of the RPwD Act, 2016 1. Expanded Definition of Disability The Act increased the number of recognized disabilities from 7 to 21.   Added Disabilities : Cerebral Palsy, Dwarfism, Muscular Dystrophy, Acid Attack victims, Speech and Language disability, Specific Learning Disabilities, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Chronic Neurological conditions (Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s), Blood Disorders (Haemophilia, Thalassemia, Sickle Cell disease), and Multiple Disabilities.   The Central Government maintains the power to add more types of disabilities to this list. 2. Rights and Entitlements  ✅  Education : Children with "benchmark disabilities...
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Euthalia malaccana

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                       Euthalia malaccana 

✔ GS Paper 3 (Biodiversity & Conservation) ✔ GS Paper 1 (Geography & Environmental Significance) ✔ Current Affairs – Ecological Discoveries in India.

New Butterfly Species Discovery – UPSC Significance

✅ Scientific Classification:

  • Euthalia malaccana, a newly confirmed butterfly species in India.

  • Previously considered a subspecies of Euthalia adonia.

✅ Discovery in India:

  • Location: Basar, Leparada District, Arunachal Pradesh

  • Altitude: 685 meters above sea level

  • First Confirmed Sightings: 2023–2024

  • Researchers: Roshan Upadhaya & Taslima Sheikh

✅ Distinctive Features:

  • Males – Blue apical spot on forewings.

  • Females – Larger apical spots, reduced red markings on hindwings.




✅ Scientific Documentation:

  • Published in SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia (International Butterfly Research Journal).




Why This Matters for UPSC?

✅ Biodiversity Conservation – Northeast India’s transition zone between Indian & Indo-Malayan realms. 

✅ Citizen Science Contributions – Strengthening ecological documentation efforts. 

✅ Geographical Distribution – Found in Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sunda Islands, and now in India. 

✅ Conservation Policies – Aligns with Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework & India's Wildlife Protection Act.



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