Comparative Analysis of Past Delimitation Exercises & Their Impact on Governance

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                          Comparative Analysis  Delimitation is the process of redrawing the boundaries of electoral constituencies to ensure fair representation based on population changes . In India, it is conducted by the Delimitation Commission , an independent body established under Article 82 (for Lok Sabha) and Article 170 (for State Assemblies) after every Census . Key Objectives of Delimitation ✔ Equal Representation – Ensures constituencies have uniform voter strength , preventing overrepresentation or underrepresentation.  ✔ Electoral Integrity – Adjusts boundaries to reflect demographic shifts , maintaining fair political representation .  ✔ Reservation Adjustments – Determines SC/ST reserved seats based on population distribution. Historical Timeline of Delimitation in India πŸ“Œ 1952 – First delimitation based on the  1951 Census .  πŸ“Œ 1963 – Adjustments after state reorga...
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PM E-DRIVE Scheme

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                       PM E-DRIVE Scheme 

The PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme has replaced FAME-II, shifting India's approach toward public transport electrification and EV infrastructure expansion. 

*It holds significance for UPSC Prelims & Mains, particularly in Governance, Environmental Policies, Disaster Management, and Economic Sustainability.

Key Facts & Features

πŸ“Œ Launch Year: April 2024 

πŸ“Œ Budget Allocation: ₹10,900 crore 

πŸ“Œ Duration: Two years (April 2024–March 2026) 

πŸ“Œ Focus Areas: 

 ✔ Deployment of 14,028 Electric Buses 

 ✔ Establishment of 72,000 EV Charging Stations 

 ✔ Energy Security & Sustainable Transport 

 ✔ Scrappage Incentive for Old ICE Buses

πŸ“Œ Exclusions: No subsidies for private electric cars, unlike FAME-II. 

πŸ“Œ Subsidy Mechanism: Aadhaar-based authentication, e-voucher generation, selfie verification. πŸ“Œ New Segments Introduced: e-Trucks & e-Ambulances (₹500 crore allocated).


Prelims-Focused MCQs: 

✅ Which scheme replaced FAME-II? → PM E-DRIVE 

✅ What does PM E-DRIVE exclude? → Private electric cars 

✅ Which city gets the highest e-bus allocation? → Bengaluru (4,500 buses) 

✅ What percentage of EV charging stations will be highway-based? → 40%


UPSC Mains Notes: Analytical Framework

1. Governance & Policy Framework (GS Paper 2)

  • Government Interventions – Led by Ministry of Heavy Industries, showcasing public sector infrastructure development.

  • Federal Coordination – Involves multiple ministries (Petroleum, Transport, Energy), demonstrating inter-ministerial collaboration.

  • Urban Mobility & Public Transport – Strengthens Smart Cities Mission, focusing on sustainable transport infrastructure.

2. Environmental & Climate Change Policies (GS Paper 3)

  • National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) – Enhancing India’s EV ecosystem for fossil fuel reduction.

  • FAME-II Integration – Builds on FAME objectives, shifting toward public transport incentives instead of individual vehicle subsidies.

  • Carbon Emission Reduction – Contributes to India’s net-zero targets by replacing ICE buses with electric alternatives.

3. Disaster Management & Infrastructure Resilience (GS Paper 3)

  • Energy Security During Disasters – 72,000 EV chargers ensure alternative transport during fuel crises.

  • Climate Adaptation Measures – Reduce air pollution, urban heat islands, and support green infrastructure.

  • Emergency Response Integration – Electric buses can be deployed for evacuation & relief operations in urban emergencies.


Comparative Analysis | PM E-DRIVE vs. FAME-II

FeaturePM E-DRIVE (2024–2026)FAME-II (2019–2024)
  • Budget
  • ₹10,900 crore
  • ₹11,500 crore
  • Target Audience
  • Public transport & commercial EVs
  • Private & public EVs
  • New Segments
  • e-Ambulances & e-Trucks (₹500 Cr)
  • No such support
  • Charging Infrastructure
  • 72,000 EV chargers
  • 2,877 stations
  • Subsidy Model
  • Aadhaar authentication, e-voucher, selfie verification
  • Traditional model
  • Private EV Subsidies
  • ❌ Not Included
  • ✅ Included


Conclusion: Why UPSC Aspirants Should Know PM E-DRIVE?

  • Smart Urban Infrastructure – Strengthening India’s EV policy, sustainable transport, & energy security.

  • Economic & Climate Resilience – Aligning with India’s net-zero carbon commitment.

  • Policy Innovation – Federal coordination & inter-ministerial collaboration boost efficient governance.

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