Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986

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 The Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986 is a cornerstone in the Indian judicial history, highlighting the delicate balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government . The case stemmed from a practice that had become routine for the Bihar government: the re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval, a process that Dr. D.C. Wadhwa, an economics professor, found to be a subversion of democratic principles . The Supreme Court's decision in this case was a resounding affirmation of constitutional law and its supremacy over executive convenience. By declaring the practice of re-promulgating ordinances without legislative consent as unconstitutional, the court reinforced the necessity of legislative scrutiny and the impermanence of ordinances, which are meant to be emergency measures, not a backdoor for enacting laws. This landmark judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances within
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11th schedule municipalities list

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 The Eleventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution outlines the powers, responsibilities, and authority of Panchayats (both rural and urban local bodies). These provisions empower Panchayats to effectively govern and manage various aspects of local administration. Let’s explore the items covered under this schedule:

  1. Agriculture and Agricultural Extension
  2. Land Improvement, Implementation of Land Reforms, Land Consolidation, and Soil Conservation
  3. Minor Irrigation, Water Management, and Watershed Development
  4. Animal Husbandry, Dairying, and Poultry
  5. Fisheries
  6. Social Forestry and Farm Forestry
  7. Minor Forest Produce
  8. Small-Scale Industries, including Food Processing Industries
  9. Khadi, Village, and Cottage Industries
  10. Rural Housing
  11. Drinking Water
  12. Fuel and Fodder
  13. Roads, Culverts, Bridges, Ferries, Waterways, and Other Means of Communication
  14. Rural Electrification, including Distribution of Electricity
  15. Non-Conventional Energy Sources
  16. Poverty Alleviation Programs
  17. Education, including Primary and Secondary Schools
  18. Technical Training and Vocational Education
  19. Adult and Non-Formal Education
  20. Libraries
  21. Cultural Activities
  22. Markets and Fairs
  23. Health and Sanitation, including Hospitals, Primary Health Centers, and Dispensaries
  24. Family Welfare
  25. Women and Child Development
  26. Social Welfare, including Welfare of the Handicapped and Mentally Retarded
  27. Welfare of the Weaker Sections, particularly Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
  28. Public Distribution System
  29. Maintenance of Community Assets1.

These provisions ensure that Panchayats play a crucial role in local development, resource management, and social welfare. 

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