Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986

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 The Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986 is a cornerstone in the Indian judicial history, highlighting the delicate balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government . The case stemmed from a practice that had become routine for the Bihar government: the re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval, a process that Dr. D.C. Wadhwa, an economics professor, found to be a subversion of democratic principles . The Supreme Court's decision in this case was a resounding affirmation of constitutional law and its supremacy over executive convenience. By declaring the practice of re-promulgating ordinances without legislative consent as unconstitutional, the court reinforced the necessity of legislative scrutiny and the impermanence of ordinances, which are meant to be emergency measures, not a backdoor for enacting laws. This landmark judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances within
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INDIA-US EXERCISES

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 India and the United States engage in several joint military exercises to enhance their defense cooperation and interoperability. These exercises strengthen strategic ties and promote mutual understanding. Here are some notable India-US military exercises:

  1. Yudh Abhyas:

    • Nature: Bilateral exercise.
    • Objective: Enhance cooperation and interoperability between the Indian and US armies.
    • Focus Areas: Counterterrorism, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief.
    • Locations: Alternates between India and the United States.

  2. Cope India:

    • Nature: Bilateral air exercise.
    • Objective: Enhance combat readiness and tactical coordination between the Indian Air Force and the US Air Force.
    • Focus Areas: Aerial combat, air superiority, and joint operations.
    • Locations: Alternates between India and the United States.

  3. Vajra Prahar:

    • Nature: Special Forces exercise.
    • Objective: Strengthen counterterrorism capabilities and share best practices.
    • Focus Areas: Special operations, urban warfare, and hostage rescue.
    • Locations: Alternates between India and the United States.

These exercises foster mutual learning, build trust, and contribute to regional security. 

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