“भारतीय संविधान के 26 ऐतिहासिक सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के प्रमुख निर्णय – अनुच्छेदवार संकलन”

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1️⃣  चम्पकम दोरैराजन बनाम मद्रास राज्य (1951) अनुच्छेद: 15(1), 29(2) ✅ निर्णय: राज्य की आरक्षण नीति मौलिक अधिकारों का उल्लंघन थी। 📌 महत्त्व: संविधान का प्रथम संशोधन (1951) इसी निर्णय के पश्चात हुआ। 2️⃣ सांकरी प्रसाद बनाम भारत संघ (1951) अनुच्छेद: 13, 368 ✅ निर्णय: संसद को संविधान संशोधन की पूर्ण शक्ति है। 📌 महत्त्व: संशोधन शक्ति की पहली न्यायिक व्याख्या। 3️⃣ केशवन मेनन बनाम बंबई राज्य (1951)अनुच्छेद: 13 ✅ निर्णय: संविधान लागू होने से पहले बने कानूनों पर मौलिक अधिकार लागू नहीं। 📌 महत्त्व: संविधान की समयसीमा स्पष्ट हुई। 4️⃣ बेरूबारी संघ मामला (1960)अनुच्छेद: 3, 368 ✅ निर्णय: भूमि हस्तांतरण के लिए संविधान संशोधन आवश्यक। 📌महत्त्व: भारत की क्षेत्रीय अखंडता की रक्षा। 5️⃣ पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य बनाम भारत संघ (1963)अनुच्छेद: 1, 3, 246 ✅निर्णय: संघीय ढांचे में केंद्र सर्वोच्च। 📌महत्त्व: भारतीय संघ की एकता को बल मिला। 6️⃣ गोलकनाथ बनाम पंजाब राज्य (1967)अनुच्छेद: 13, 368 ✅निर्णय: संसद मौलिक अधिकारों में संशोधन नहीं कर सकती। 📌महत्त्व: संविधान संशोधन शक्ति पर पहली बड़ी ...
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🚩Indus Water Treaty of 19 sep 1960🚩

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🚩Indus water treaty 1960🚩

image source:- wikipedia

👉 It is a water sharing pact between India-Pakistan which was signed in sep 19,1960 brokered by the World Bank.
👉The treaty aimed at the satisfactory utilization of water flow of Indus and its tributaries (Ravi,beas,satluj,jhelam and chenab).
👉Indus(Sindhu)is a transboundary  river of Asia and trans- himalayan river from the source of Mansarover lake . originates from north east of mount Kailash in westeren tibbet. It bends around the Naga Parbat massif,and flows by south to south-west through Pakistan before entering into the Arabian sea near the port city of Karachi.
👉States of provience - Tibattian autonomous region,Gilgit-Baltistan,Khyber paas,Pakhtoonkhawa,Punjab and sindh.
👉This treaty gives the control over the water of three 📍"easteren rivers"

📌Beas(Rohtang la),
📌Ravi(bara bangal,branch of dhauladhar )and 
📌satluj (Rakshas tal lake near mansarover and mt. Kailash)with 41 billion m3 of annual water flow to India . 

📍the "three westeren" rivers 
📌Indus (mansarover lake,tibattian region),
📌Chenab(baralacha la himachal pradesh)and 
📌Jhelam also known as vitasta  (Pir panjal range)with a mean annual flow of water 99 billion m3- to pakistan.

⛔treaty provisions
1. According to A-1 of IWT any river or its tributaries and its catchment area which are not a part of these 5 rivers is a part of Indus river system including creeks,delta channel and connecting lakes.
👉The treaty allocates the easteren river system as an exclusive use status for India after the permitted water use of Pakistan.similarly westeren after uses permission of India.
💡Dams constructed after the mutual agreement- Salal dam(Hydro electric Power station)is the run-of-the-river hydropower project on chenab river in Reasi district of J and K.1st hydropower project by India under Indus-water-treaty completed in 1987.{currently run at 57% capacity factor}.
👉Cases of Dispute-Permanent court of arbitration(PCA).

🚩Result- 
The treaty resulted in partitioning Of the river rather than sharing .

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