🚩Indus water treaty 1960🚩
image source:- wikipedia
👉 It is a water sharing pact between India-Pakistan which was signed in sep 19,1960 brokered by the World Bank.
👉The treaty aimed at the satisfactory utilization of water flow of Indus and its tributaries (Ravi,beas,satluj,jhelam and chenab).
👉Indus(Sindhu)is a transboundary river of Asia and trans- himalayan river from the source of Mansarover lake . originates from north east of mount Kailash in westeren tibbet. It bends around the Naga Parbat massif,and flows by south to south-west through Pakistan before entering into the Arabian sea near the port city of Karachi.
👉States of provience - Tibattian autonomous region,Gilgit-Baltistan,Khyber paas,Pakhtoonkhawa,Punjab and sindh.
👉This treaty gives the control over the water of three 📍"easteren rivers"
📌Beas(Rohtang la),
📌Ravi(bara bangal,branch of dhauladhar )and
📌satluj (Rakshas tal lake near mansarover and mt. Kailash)with 41 billion m3 of annual water flow to India .
📍the "three westeren" rivers
📌Indus (mansarover lake,tibattian region),
📌Chenab(baralacha la himachal pradesh)and
📌Jhelam also known as vitasta (Pir panjal range)with a mean annual flow of water 99 billion m3- to pakistan.
⛔treaty provisions
1. According to A-1 of IWT any river or its tributaries and its catchment area which are not a part of these 5 rivers is a part of Indus river system including creeks,delta channel and connecting lakes.
👉The treaty allocates the easteren river system as an exclusive use status for India after the permitted water use of Pakistan.similarly westeren after uses permission of India.
💡Dams constructed after the mutual agreement- Salal dam(Hydro electric Power station)is the run-of-the-river hydropower project on chenab river in Reasi district of J and K.1st hydropower project by India under Indus-water-treaty completed in 1987.{currently run at 57% capacity factor}.
👉Cases of Dispute-Permanent court of arbitration(PCA).
🚩Result-
The treaty resulted in partitioning Of the river rather than sharing .
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