Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986

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 The Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986 is a cornerstone in the Indian judicial history, highlighting the delicate balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government . The case stemmed from a practice that had become routine for the Bihar government: the re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval, a process that Dr. D.C. Wadhwa, an economics professor, found to be a subversion of democratic principles . The Supreme Court's decision in this case was a resounding affirmation of constitutional law and its supremacy over executive convenience. By declaring the practice of re-promulgating ordinances without legislative consent as unconstitutional, the court reinforced the necessity of legislative scrutiny and the impermanence of ordinances, which are meant to be emergency measures, not a backdoor for enacting laws. This landmark judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances within
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🚩PVTG stands for "Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.

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🚩PVTG stands for "Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups.
👉In India, tribal population makes up for 8.6% of the total population acoording to the 2011 census.

👉The PVTG, as a distinct category, was born out of the observation of the Dhebar Commission in 1973.

👉PVTG are identified as the most vulnerable inhabitants residing in the less developed regions of India.

✴️On which ground PVTG are recognised in India?

👉In 2006, the Government of India renamed the PTGs as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). PVTGs have some basic characteristics -
👉they are mostly homogenous, with a small population,
👉 relatively physically isolated,
👉 absence of written language, relatively simple technology and a slower rate of change etc.

✴️Who recognises PVTG in India?

Ministry of Tribal Affairs has implemented the scheme of “Development of PVTGs” which covers 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) for their comprehensive socio-economic development. Under the scheme, State Governments submits Conservation-cum-Development (CCD) plans on the basis of their requirement.
✴️Among the 75 listed PVTG’s the highest number are found in Odisha.
✴️Livelyhood depends on NTFP(Non Timber Forest Product) such as foodgathering from forest ex. honey, nuts ,sprouts and all eatable fruits and vegetables and hunting also included.

✴️Scheme

👉The Scheme for Development of Primitive Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), came into effect from April 1, 2008.
👉The recent Scheme of PVGT is Pradhan Mantri PVTG Development Mission.

The mission will be launched as part of ‘Reaching The Last Mile’, one of the seven Saptarishi priorities enlisted in this year’s Budget.

The mission will saturate the particularly vulnerable tribal groups with safe housing, clean drinking water, education, nutrition, road and telecom connection and livelihood. 

A Budget of Rs 15,000 crore will be dedicated to this mission in the next three years.

The scheme will benefit 3.5 lakh tribals.

✴️States with PVTGs
👉Presently, there are 75 PVTGs in 18 States and UT of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
👉Among the 75 listed PVTG's the highest number are found in
👉1. Odisha (13), followed by 👉2.Andhra Pradesh (12),
👉3.Bihar including Jharkhand (9)
👉4. Madhya Pradesh including Chhattisgarh (7)
👉5.Tamil Nadu (6)
Kerala and Gujarat having (5)groups each.

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