Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986

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 The Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986 is a cornerstone in the Indian judicial history, highlighting the delicate balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government . The case stemmed from a practice that had become routine for the Bihar government: the re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval, a process that Dr. D.C. Wadhwa, an economics professor, found to be a subversion of democratic principles . The Supreme Court's decision in this case was a resounding affirmation of constitutional law and its supremacy over executive convenience. By declaring the practice of re-promulgating ordinances without legislative consent as unconstitutional, the court reinforced the necessity of legislative scrutiny and the impermanence of ordinances, which are meant to be emergency measures, not a backdoor for enacting laws. This landmark judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances within
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The Arctic Council

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🚩Todays session mcq series.
🔶The Arctic Council is the leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues.

Image : TNPSC

✅Formation - The formation of Arctic Council can be traced in the establishment of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS) in 1991 as a framework for intergovernmental cooperation on environmental protection initiatives among the Arctic States including Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and the United States.
✅Objective - The Arctic Council works as a consensus-based body to deal with issues such as the change in biodiversity, melting sea ice, plastic pollution and black carbon.
🔶Member countries and Org.

✅The Council has members, ad hoc observer countries and "permanent participants"
Members of the Arctic Council: 🔹Ottawa Declaration declares 🔹Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, 🔹Finland, 🔹Iceland, 🔹Norway,🔹 the Russian Federation, 🔹Sweden and🔹 the United States of America as a member of the Arctic Council.
⏭️Denmarks represents Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
🚩Permanent participants:
✅Aleut International Association (AIA),
✅Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC)
✅Gwich'in Council ✅International (GCI)
✅Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC)
✅Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPN)
✅Saami Council

🔱Status of india - observer 2013(no voting rights)

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Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986

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 The Dr. D.C. Wadhwa & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. case of 1986 is a cornerstone in the Indian judicial history, highlighting the delicate balance of power between the executive and legislative branches of government . The case stemmed from a practice that had become routine for the Bihar government: the re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval, a process that Dr. D.C. Wadhwa, an economics professor, found to be a subversion of democratic principles . The Supreme Court's decision in this case was a resounding affirmation of constitutional law and its supremacy over executive convenience. By declaring the practice of re-promulgating ordinances without legislative consent as unconstitutional, the court reinforced the necessity of legislative scrutiny and the impermanence of ordinances, which are meant to be emergency measures, not a backdoor for enacting laws. This landmark judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of checks and balances within
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